The year 2025 was the International Year of Quantum Science, proclaimed by the UN in celebration of the 100th anniversary of several key achievements that became the foundations of quantum mechanics, including Erwin Schrödinger’s wave function and the matrix mechanics of Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan.
Starting from a crucial contribution made in ancient Greece, a broad assortment of techniques has been elaborated to guarantee that all scientific statements are deserving of our trust. Each of these techniques is explored here in some depth and assessed for its degree of usefulness and reliability.